ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Varios factores intervienen en la calidad de los alimentos, como los físicos, químicos, nutricionales, sensoriales y microbiológicos. Este último es importante, ya que, afecta las propiedades organolépticas del producto terminado y, además, puede ocasionar riesgos de salud pública asociados a peligros microbiológicos. Colombia es un país rico en gastronomía, incluyendo alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal (AFEA), los cuales son una alternativa actual para sistemas agroalimentarios que buscan alimentos más naturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los criterios microbiológicos en AFEA y el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios para sensibilizar a productores de bebidas artesanales y revalorizar los productos. Se tomaron en cuenta 11 productores artesanales de Masato, Champús y Almidón agrio de yuca en zonas rurales del país, que voluntariamente aceptaron participar. Se midieron los parámetros de pH, humedad, sólidos solubles y recuentos microbiológicos. Con estos resultados, se pudo calcular el porcentaje de conformidad de los alimentos, de los cuales el 36 % de productos evaluados fueron aptos para el consumo. Se incumplieron los límites establecidos para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus y Salmonella sp. Los análisis fisicoquímicos mostraron que el Masato y el Champús aportan condiciones abióticas para el crecimiento microbiano. Además, los productores Almidón agrio de yuca tuvieron mayor valoración en el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios y menor cumplimiento que los productores de Champús. Los análisis realizados indican que la mayoría de los alimentos incumplieron los límites permitidos por lo cual se debe capacitar a los productores en buenas prácticas de manufactura.
ABSTRACT Several factors intervene in the quality of the food, such as physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory, and microbiological. The latter is important as it affects the sensory properties of the finished product, and it can also cause public health risks associated with microbiological hazards. Colombia is a country rich in gastronomy, including artisanal fermented foods (AFEA), which are a current alternative for agri-food systems seeking for more natural foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological criteria in AFEA and its compliance with the sanitary requirements to raise the awareness among crafted beverages producers and revalue the products. Eleven artisan producers of masato, champús and sour cassava starch in rural areas of the country, who voluntarily agreed to participate, were considered. The parameters of pH, humidity, soluble solids, and microbiological counts were measured. With these results, it was possible to calculate the compliance rate of the food, from which 36% of the products evaluated were fit for consumption. The limits established for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp were breached. Physicochemical analysis showed that Masato and Champús provide abiotic conditions for microbial growth. In addition, the Sour cassava starch producers had higher compliance ratings regarding sanitary requirements but lower compliance ratings than champús producers. The performed analysis indicates that most of the food did not comply with the permitted limits, which is why producers must be trained in good manufacturing practices.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La planta de agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) es una especie nativa de arándano de Colombia y su fruto es una baya globosa con propiedades nutraceúticas, debido a su excelente fuente de antioxidantes, utilizado como ingrediente para la preparación de alimentos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades físico químicas del fruto, almacenado durante 12 días, a 2°C y 90% de HR. Se evaluaron frutos en dos estados de madurez: rompimiento de color, estado inmaduro (asociado al color rojo) y completamente pigmentado (100% pigmentación morado), los frutos fueron puestos en bolsas hechas de polietileno biorientado y polipropileno monoorientado. Los resultados muestran que los frutos inmaduros preservaron los sólidos solubles totales, cuando se mantuvieron en polipropileno monoorientado, mientras los sólidos solubles totales, se incrementaron significativamente en los frutos maduros almacenados en polipropileno monorientado, afectando el metabolismo del fruto y las reservas de carbohidratos. El pH disminuyó en todos los tratamientos; entre los 6 y 12DDT, coincidiendo, a su vez, con el aumento de la acidez total titulable durante el mismo periodo.
ABSTRACT 'Agraz' (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a native blueberry from Colombia, being the fruit a globose berry, with nutraceutic quality due to an excellent source of antioxidants and is used as an ingredient for food preparation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of fruits stored during 12 days, at a temperature of 2°C and a relative humidity of 90%. Fruits with two stages of ripeness, color break, an immature state (associated with red color), and fully pigmented (100% purple pigmentation) were stored, packaged in two different plastics recipients, one bioriented polyethylene and the other mono-oriented polypropylene. The results indicate that immature fruits demonstrated a prolonged preservation of the total soluble solids, when combined with the mono-oriented polypropylene packaging, otherwise TSS were significantly increased in mature fruits, packaged in mono-oriented polypropylene, affecting fruit metabolism and carbohydrate reserve. The pH diceased in all treatments, between 6 to 12 days after treatment, coinciding in turn, with the increase in total titratable acidity during the same period.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: a Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) é uma fruta que foi recentemente introduzida no Brasil, como uma matéria-prima com forte apelo comercial devido a todas as características benéficas a ele atribuídas e os benefícios relacionados ao seu consumo. Objetivo: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar frutos de noni em três estádios de maturação. Métodos: os frutos foram colhidos em pomares domésticos no município de Mossoró-RN, em três estádios de maturação, conforme a cor: verde (casca verde), de vez (verde esbranquiçado) e maduro (amarelo esbranquiçado). Para a caracterização do fruto, realizaram-se as seguintes análises: massa fresca, comprimentos longitudinal e transversal, DL/DT, firmeza e rendimento de polpa, vitamina C, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH e relação SS/AT. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e doze repetições de um 1 fruto para cada parcela. Resultados: o fruto do noni é de formato ovóide, suculento e apresenta várias sementes triangulares de coloração vermelha. Considerando a polpa, ocorre mudança de coloração, passando da cor verde para a amarela esbranquiçada, à medida que o fruto amadurece. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os estádios apresentam variabilidade para quase todos os caracteres físicos e físico-químicos. Conclusões: os frutos que apresentaram as melhores características físicas de massa e firmeza da polpa, tanto para consumo in natura, como para processamento agroindustrial são os de vez e verdes, com valores de 56,33 g e 128,41 N, respectivamente. Este fruto é considerado rica fonte de vitamina C, apresenta elevados teores de sólidos solúveis quando maduro (10,33 °Brix) e alta relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável em todos os estádios avaliados.
Introduction: a Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) is a fruit that was recently introduced in Brazil, as a raw material with fort I appeal advertising due to all the beneficial characteristics attributed to it and the related benefits of its consumption. Objectives: the objective of the present paper was to characterize noni fruits in three stages of maturation. Methods: the fruits had been harvested in domestic orchards in the city of Mossoró-RN, in three stages of maturation, according to the color: green (green rind), breaker stage (yellowish green) and mature (yellowish white). For the characterization of the fruit, the following analyses were performed: fresh matter, longitudinal and transversal length, DL/DT, firmness and income of pulp, acid ascorbic, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), pH and SS/AT ratio. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three treatments and twelve repetitions of one (1) fruit for each parcel. Results: the noni fruit has ovoid format, is succulent and presents several triangular red seeds. Considering the pulp, coloration change occurs, going from green to yellowish white color according to the ripeness of fruits. Regarding the obtained results, the stages present variability for almost all the physical and physical chemical characters. Conclusions: the fruits that presented the best physical characteristics of mass and firmness of pulp, both for natural consumption and for agro-industrial processing are breaker stages and green fruits, with values of 56.33 g and 128.41 N, respectively. Noni is considered a rich source of vitamin C, presents high value of soluble solid when mature (10.33 Brix) and high soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio in all of the evaluated stages.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effect of processing and storage time on the vitamin C and lycopene contents was evaluated. Guavas were washed, cut in quarters, blanched, pulped and the pulp pasteurized. The pulp was used for the production of nectar: guava pulp, sugar and water were mixed in 5:3:12 proportions, and the mixture was pasteurized, poured while hot into 125 mL glass jars, and cooled rapidly to 25°C. The production of nectar from fresh guava reduced vitamin C, lycopene and titratable acidity, by contrast soluble solid and pH increased significant. Vitamin C content from 168.9 to 62.3 mg/(100 g fresh weight), and lycopene content from 3.55 to 1.35 mg/(100 g fresh weight) (p < 0.001 in both cases. After 240 days at 10.0 ± 2°C, no further statistically significant change in lycopene and soluble solid content was observed (p > 0.05). Storage time did affect vitamin C, pH, and titratable acidity content, vitamin C content fell by 89.3% to 6.67 mg/(100 g fresh weight) (p < 0.001). Based on this study, guava nectar storage at 10 ° C retained 46% of the content of vitamin C for 120 days.
En este estudio, el efecto del procesamiento y el tiempo de almacenamiento en el contenido de vitamina C y licopeno fueron evaluados. Las guayabas fueron lavadas, cortadas en cuartos, escaldadas, despulpadas y la pulpa pasteurizada. La pulpa se utilizó en la producción del néctar: pulpa de guayaba, azúcar y agua se mezclaron en la proporción de 5:3:12, y la mezcla se pasteurizo, vertido en caliente en frascos de vidrio 125 ml, y se enfrío rápidamente a 25°C. La producción de néctar de guayaba fresca reduce la vitamina C, licopeno y la acidez titulable, en contraste los sólidos solubles y el pH se incrementan significativamente. El contenido de vitamina C de 168,9 a 62,3 mg/100 g de peso fresco, y el contenido de licopeno de 3,55 a 1,35 mg/100 de peso fresco (p < 0,001 en ambos casos). Después de 240 días a 10,0 ± 2ºC no se observó cambios estadísticamente significativos en el contenido del licopeno (p > 0,05). El tiempo de almacenamiento afectó el contenido de vitamina C, el pH y acidez titulable, el contenido de vitamina C se redujo en un 89,3% a 6,67 mg/100 g de peso fresco (p < 0,001). En base a este estudio, el almacenamiento de néctar de guayaba a 10°C, conserva el 46% del contenido de vitamina C durante 120 días.